How do genetics impact my teeth?

Just like your eye colour or height, many aspects of your dental health are influenced by your genes. But before you blame your family tree for a recent cavity, there’s good news: lifestyle and oral hygiene still play a massive role.

The role of genetics in dental health

Our genes are like a set of instructions that shape everything about us – from our hair colour to the size and alignment of our teeth. Here are some ways genetics might influence your oral health:

• Tooth shape and size: The size and shape of your teeth are often inherited, which can impact alignment and bite. Parents with malocclusion (misaligned teeth or jaws) may pass these traits on.¹
• Tooth colour: Genes can influence the natural shade of your teeth.²
• Saliva microbiome: Even your saliva, which helps protect your teeth, is influenced by genetics.³
• Jaw development: The way your jaw grows and how your teeth meet when you bite is partly genetic, which can affect everything from chewing to talking.⁴

While genetics certainly play a role, they’re not the whole story. Lifestyle choices, diet, and oral hygiene habits can have a big impact too.⁵

Is tooth decay caused by genetics?

Unfortunately, this isn’t a simple yes or no question. Tooth decay is what’s called a ‘multifactorial’ issue, meaning it’s caused by a mix of factors.⁶ At its core, tooth decay is caused by plaque, a sticky film which coats teeth and contains bacteria originating from leftover food particles mixing with saliva. The manifestation of tooth decay becomes evident when a cavity, or hole, develops in your tooth.

While sugary foods and drinks are major culprits, they’re not the only cause. Poor oral hygiene, such as not brushing twice a day with fluoride toothpaste, skipping flossing, and avoiding regular dental check-ups, can make the problem worse.

And, thanks to genetics, some of us are born with stronger enamel – that tough outer layer of our teeth.⁷ While it’s true that people with naturally stronger enamel are less likely to experience decay, by practicing proper oral hygiene (flossing and brushing your teeth twice a day with a fluoride toothpaste) and visiting the dentist at least annually for a scale and clean, you can help keep your teeth cavity-free no matter your genetic predisposition.⁶

Is gum disease caused by genetics?

There is a link between genetics and gum disease, including periodontitis. Some people may have a genetic predisposition that makes them more susceptible to gum disease or affects how their body responds to bacterial infections.⁸

That said, having a genetic predisposition doesn’t mean gum disease is inevitable. Regular brushing and flossing can help remove bacteria that accumulate around the gums and prevent the formation of pockets that lead to periodontitis. Regular dental check-ups also help monitor these pockets and catch issues early.⁹

Jaw shape and tooth development

Did you know that proper tooth alignment is about more than just aesthetics? Misaligned teeth can lead to uneven wear, making them harder to clean and increasing the risk of decay and gum disease.¹⁰ Here are some common genetic influences:^11,12

• Teeth that are too large or too small for the jaw, leading to gaps or crowding.
• Familial traits like a gap between the front teeth (diastema) or extra or missing teeth.

If you’ve inherited these traits, it’s worth discussing with your dentist, as misaligned teeth can affect your ability to chew and speak properly.

What can you do about your genetics?

While you can’t change your genes, knowing your family history can help you stay one step ahead. Understanding your genetic predisposition to issues like gum disease, enamel weakness, or oral cancer allows your dentist to create a tailored preventive care plan. Here’s what you can do:

• Focus on prevention: Brush twice a day for at least two minutes with fluoride toothpaste and floss at least once daily. Keeping up with these habits helps remove plaque, prevent cavities, and keep your gums healthy.
• Regular dental visits: Schedule dental check-ups and cleanings every six months to maintain oral health and address any concerns promptly.
• Share your family history: Let your dentist know about any genetic conditions or patterns in your family. They’re there to help, not judge!

Remember, while your genetics may set the stage, but how you care for your teeth determines the rest of the story.